A macro perspective on the UK Burden of Disease

In the UK, the largest burden of disease, measured in Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), is caused by cancers and cardiovascular diseases (Figure 1).  DALYs are a measure of the overall disease burden, combining years of life lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs). 

Essentially, a DALY represents the loss of one year of healthy life. Six groups of conditions are collectively the greatest contributors to ill-health and early mortality. These are cancers, cardiovascular disease (CVD), musculoskeletal disorders (MSK), mental ill health, dementia (and neurologic disorders), and chronic respiratory disease (CRD). These conditions collectively represent the cause of over 60% of the years lost to early death or lived in ill health. In addition, cancer, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases and mental ill health account for nearly 60% of the gap in life expectancy between the most and least deprived areas of England (2020 to 2021).

Cancer continues to be a leading contributor to premature mortality in England. Despite modest progress in prevention, these data suggest a clear need for strengthened early detection, prevention programmes, and equitable access to effective treatment, especially in underperforming regions. Mental disorders—including depression and anxiety—rank among the most significant contributors to Years Lived with Disability (YLD) in England. These conditions are identified as major causes of non-fatal disease burden, placing a substantial load on the healthcare system, particularly in primary care and community settings. The Policy paper of “Major conditions strategy: case for change and our strategic framework” published by Department of Health & Social Care on August 2023 highlights that depression and anxiety have remained stable in rank over the last decade but continue to generate high levels of morbidity, particularly among working-age adults. Compared to physical conditions, mental disorders contribute less to mortality but are a leading source of long-term disability and reduced quality of life.